Category for Private Protected Areas defined by Langholz and Krug 2004.

Formal Park (Type I) - Protect nature, as a formally recognized unit in a national protected area system. Must be legally gazetted through legislation or executive decree. Includes monitoring and evaluation by government.

Program Participant (Type II) - Participant in a formal, voluntary incentive program designed to promote biodiversity conservation on private lands. Programs include restrictions on land use and are not as formal as Type I. Includes easements and payments for environmental services.

Ecotourism Reserve (Type III) - Combine nature conservation with tourism. Tourism is a principal revenue generator and takes place on part or all of the landholdings.

Biological Station (Type IV) - Combine nature conservation with scientific research. reserve serves as outdoor laboratory. May incorporate scientific and other forms of tourism, as as education. Differ from NGO reserve (Type VIII) in that their primary mission is research.

Hybrid Reserve (Type V) - Protect nature as one component of a diverse land use strategy. Usually large ranches that combine agriculture, forestry, or cattle production, with reserve providing watershed protection and other amenities.

Farmer-owned Forest Patch (Type VI) - Safeguard water sources and other locally accruing environmental services, at the individual or family level. Usually informal, small (<20 hectares), and not involved in tourism industry. Represent the least formal type of private conservation area.

Personal Retreat Reserve (Type VII) - Maintain a natural area as a personal haven, at the individual or family level. Frequently owned by urbanites who purchase or inherit and in a rural area and who are not reliant on the reserve for income generation.

Nongovernmental Organization Reserve (Type VIII) - Protect nature under the auspices of a local, national, or international nonprofit conservation organization. Base of support is broader than that of most other reserve types. Includes land trusts, conservancies, foundations, and associations.

Hunting Reserve (Type IX) - Maintain natural area for purpose of sustainable wildlife utilization. Animals are collected for trophies and/or meat production. Include game ranches and lands owned by hunting clubs. Especially common in Africa.

Corporate Reserve (Type X) - Protect nature as a tool for creating favorable publicity, as result of court order, or from a conservation ethic. Owned by private for-profit corporations (such as gold courses, paper companies, educational institutions). Often better managed that similar areas in government hands.